BSEB Class 12 Biology Biotechnology and its Applications Textbook Solutions PDF: Download Bihar Board STD 12th Biology Biotechnology and its Applications Book Answers

BSEB Class 12 Biology Biotechnology and its Applications Textbook Solutions PDF: Download Bihar Board STD 12th Biology Biotechnology and its Applications Book Answers

BSEB Class 12th Biology Biotechnology and its Applications Textbooks Solutions and answers for students are now available in pdf format. Bihar Board Class 12th Biology Biotechnology and its Applications Book answers and solutions are one of the most important study materials for any student. The Bihar Board Class 12th Biology Biotechnology and its Applications books are published by the Bihar Board Publishers. These Bihar Board Class 12th Biology Biotechnology and its Applications textbooks are prepared by a group of expert faculty members. Students can download these BSEB STD 12th Biology Biotechnology and its Applications book solutions pdf online from this page.

Bihar Board Class 12th Biology Biotechnology and its Applications Textbooks Solutions PDF

Bihar Board STD 12th Biology Biotechnology and its Applications Books Solutions with Answers are prepared and published by the Bihar Board Publishers. It is an autonomous organization to advise and assist qualitative improvements in school education. If you are in search of BSEB Class 12th Biology Biotechnology and its Applications Books Answers Solutions, then you are in the right place. Here is a complete hub of Bihar Board Class 12th Biology Biotechnology and its Applications solutions that are available here for free PDF downloads to help students for their adequate preparation. You can find all the subjects of Bihar Board STD 12th Biology Biotechnology and its Applications Textbooks. These Bihar Board Class 12th Biology Biotechnology and its Applications Textbooks Solutions English PDF will be helpful for effective education, and a maximum number of questions in exams are chosen from Bihar Board.

Bihar Board Class 12th Biology Biotechnology and its Applications Books Solutions

Board	BSEB
Materials	Textbook Solutions/Guide
Format	DOC/PDF
Class	12th
Subject	Biology Biotechnology and its Applications
Chapters	All
Provider	Hsslive

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Question 1.
Crystals of Bt toxin produced by some bacteria do not kill the bacteria themselves because ‘
(a) bacteria are resistant to the toxin
(b) toxin is immature
(c) toxin is inactive
(d) bacteria encloses toxin in a special sac
Answer:
(c) Toxin is inactive : The Bt toxin protein exist as inactive protoxin in bacteria, once an insect ingests it, the inactive toxin is converted into an active toxin due to the alkaline pH of the gut which solubilize the crystals. The active toxin binds to the midgut epithelial celis and create pores which causes cell swelling and cell lysis and the death of the insect.

Question 2.
What are transgenic bacteria? Illustrate using any one example.
Answer:
Bacteria which have had their DNA manipulated to posses and express an extra foreign gene are known as transgenic bacteria. For example human insulin (humulin) is prepared by the process of genetic engineering. Insulin molecule is made up of two peptide chain-A and B. The DNA sequences (genes) corresponding to chain-A and chain-B are introduced into the plasmids of E.coli which produces two chains of insulin. These are extracted and combined together by disulphide bonds to make insulin molecule. Thu,s the bacterium E.coli is an transgenic bacteria used to produce insulin to cure diabetes.

Question 3.
Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of production of genetically modified crops.
Answer:
Advantages of genetically modified crops : Genetically modified crops have following advantages –

• If crops are modified genetically to resist pests and insects, it will save large costs of pesticides and insecticides and make environment pollution free,
• Herbicide tolerance, if develops is plants, they will not be affected by chemical herbicides and no loss of crop yields will be there,
• Genetic engineering can help to develop resistance for viral, bacterial and fungal diseases,
• Plants can be modified to become cold tolerant, drought tolerant,
• More nutritional value can bfe added to plants by genetic engineering. Such crops will be rich in vitamins like iron rich rice.

Disadvantages : Although it seems very promising, genetically modified crops have crucial disadvantages. These are :

• It is possible that insects and pests will become resistant to the crops and there will be need to further use new pesticides and insecticides,
• These crops may produce severe allergies in people,
• To produce genetically modified crops is very costly and lengthy process, so small farmers cannot afford to buy seeds everytime.
• Some of these crops, do not produce seeds so farmers have to buy everytime, new seeds.
  For more details see long answer type questions.

Question 4.
What are Cry proteins? Name an organism that produces it. How has man exploited this protein to his benefit?
Answer:
Cry proteins are toxins secreted by bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. These are fatal to the insects which otherwise act as pests for economically important crops. Human beings have exploited this protein’s toxicity for their own benefit by introducing the gene (Cry) for Cry protein into plants which are susceptible for insect attack. These plants developed into insect-resistant plants which saves the unnecessary use of chemical insecticides and make soil and water pollution-free.

Question 5.
What is gene therapy? Illustrate using the example of adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.
Answer:
Treatment of a genetic disorder by manipulating genes is called gene therapy. It is the collection of methods that allows correction of a genetio defect which is diagnosed in a child or an embryo. For example enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) is very crucial for immune system to function. The deficiency of ADA causes severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID).

The patient lacks functional T-lymphocytes and fails to fight the infections pathogens. Using the gene therapy lymphocytes are extracted from the patient’s bone marrow and a normal functional gene for ADA is introduced into these lymphocytes with the help of retrovirus. These cells are reintroduced into the patient’s bone marrow. These lymphocytes contains the. functional ADA gene and reactivate the patient’s immune system.

Question 6.
Diagrammatically represent the experimental steps in cloning and expressing an human gene (say the gene for growth hormone) into a bacterium like E.Coli?
Answer:
(i) Origin of replication
(ii) Selectable marker
(iii) Cloning sites
Human growth hormone (HGH) is very useful to children bom with hypopituitarism which is a form of dwarfism-caused by under secretion of HGH by anterior pitritary gland. The gene for HGH is introduced in the plasmid of bacterium E.Coli. This recombinant of E.Coli bacterium secretes Human Growth Hormone which is used for treating hypopituitarism.

Question 7.
Can you suggest a method to remove oil (hydrocarbon) from seeds based on your understanding of rDNA technology and chemistry of oil?
Answer:
Biotechnology – Molecular Biology technique.

Question 8.
Find out from internet what is golden rice.
Answer:
Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza saliva) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize the precursors of beta- carotene (pro-vitamin A) in the edible parts of rice. The scientific details of the rice were first published in Science in 2000. Golden rice was developed as a fortified food to be used in areas where there is a shortage of dietary vitamin A. In 2005 a new variety called Golden Rice 2 was announced which produces upto 23 times more beta-carotene than the original variety of golden rice.

Neither variety is currently available for human consumption. Although golden rice was developed as a humanitarian tool, it has met with significant opposition from environmental and anti-globalization activists.
Creation of golden rice :

A simplified overview of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in golden rice. The enzymes expressed in the endosperm of golden rice, catalyze the biosynthesis of beta-carotene from geranylgernayl diphosphate. Beta-carotene is assumed to be converted to retinal and subsequently retinol (vitamin A) in the animal gut. Golden rice was created by Ingo Potrykus of the Institute of Plant Sciences at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, working with Peter Beyer of the University of Freiburg.

The project started in 1992 and at the time of publication in 2000, golden rice was considered a significant breakthrough in biotechnology as the researchers had engineered an entire biosynthetic pathway.
Golden rice was designed to produce Vitamin A precursor beta-carotene in the part of rice that people eat, the endosperm. The rice plant can naturally produce beta-carotene, which is a carotenoid pigment that occurs in the leaves and is involved in photosynthesis. However, the plant does not normally produce the pigment in the endosperm since photosynthesis does not occur in the endosperm.

Question 9.
Does our blood have proteases and nucleases?
Answer:
No.

Question 10.
Consult internet and find out how to make orally active protein pharmaceutical. What is the major problem to be encountered?
Answer:
Mass spectrometry-based peptide amide deuterium exchange techniques have proven to be increasingly powerful tools with which protein structure and function can be studied, and are unparalled in their ability to probe sub-molecular protein dynamics. Despite this promise, the methodology has remained labour-intensive and time consuming, with substantial limitations in comprehensiveness (the extent to which target protein sequence is covered with measurable peptide fragments) and resolution (the degree to which exchange measurements can be ascribed to particular amides).

It has been developed and integrated to a number of methodologies into an automated high throughput, high resolution system termed Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (DXMS). With DXMS, complete sequence coverage and single-amide (amino acid) resolution are now rapidly accomplished. DXMS is designed to work well with large proteins and when only small amounts of material are available for study. Studies can be performed upon a receptor-ligand pair as they exist on or within a living cell (in vivo) without prior purification, allowing effective in situ study of integral membrane protein receptors. The major problems are if can lead to cancer-related diseases.

Bihar Board Class 12 Biology Biotechnology and its Applications Additional Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many amino acids are arranged in two chains of insulin?
Answer:
A molecule of insulin consists of two chains A and B. The chain A has 21 amino acids and chain B has 30 amino acids.

Question 2.
Who observed that the fungus Rhizopus stolonifer could bring about hydroxylation of steroids?
Answer:
Murray and Pterson in 1950.

Question 3.
What is the most effective application of monoclonal antibiotics?
Answer:
The immune suppression for kidney transplantation.

Question 4.
Why synthesized vaccines are considered better?
Answer:
Because of their higher purity and effectiveness.

Question 5.
Mention the common items of biopiracy?
Answer:
Soil micro-organisms, plants, animals and genetic material.

Question 6.
What is legally wrong in the US patent law?
Answer:
It does not recognize technologies and methods in use in other countries as ‘prior art.

Question 7.
Why would biopiracy affect India most?
Answer:
It would affect India most because India is the world’s richest country in biodiversity.

Question 8.
What are monoclonal antibiotics?
Answer:
Derived from single parent and attack specific antigen.

Question 9.
What are the prequisites for biotechnological production of antibiotics?
Answer:
To search an antibiotic-producing micro-organism, to isolate the antibiotic gene, to join antibiotic gene w’ith E-coli plasmid.

Question 10.
Write the name of first transgenic crop in India.
Answer:
The first transgenic crop produced in India is Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco).

Question 11.
Insulin is extracted from which micro-organism?
Answer:
The genetically modified bacterium E.coli produces insulin called Humulin.

Question 12.
Which enzyme is most commonly used for the crop improve¬ment in genetic engineering?
Answer:
The enzyme restriction endonucleases are most commonly used for crop improvement in genetic engineering.

Question 13.
What are GMO?
Answer:
GMO are Genetically modified organisms, these may be microorganisms, plants or animals.

Question 14.
What is transgenic crop?
Answer:
A transgenic crop is a crop that contains a transgene, i.e.: a foreign gene, which is introduced and stably integrated into the host DNA.

Question 15.
What is Bt cotton?
Answer:
It is a transgenic variety of cotton, which contains a foreign gene obtained from bacterium – Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).

Question 16.
What is ‘Flaur Savr’?
Answer:
‘Flavr Savr’ is a transgenic tomato variety which has blocked production of polyglacturonase.

Question 17.
What is gene therapy?
Answer:
Gene therapy involves methods which allows correction of a gene defect.

Question 18.
What is ADA deficiency? Which disease is associated with it?
Answer:
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency. It is associated with (SCID) severe combined immunodeficiency.

Question 19.
Which technique do you suggest to detect suspected cancer patients?
Answer:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Question 20.
What is a patent?
Answer:
A patent is an official document giving the patent holder, sole rights to make, use or sell ah invention and prevent others from immitating it.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is transgenics?
Answer:
An organism which becomes genetically transformed by introducing a new DNA sequence into its genome is called a transgenic organism (GMO). The transgenic crops are also called genetically modified crops or GM crops. For example Bt cotton. It is a transgenic variety of cotton which contains a foreign gene from Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium. Bt cotton has become insect resistant due to this modification.

Question 2.
What are steroids?
Answer:
Steroids are complex crystallisable lipids of high molecular might, with a core structure of one 5-carbon ring and three 6-carbon rings. They are present in plants as well as in animals. Several micro-organisms like fungi, bacteria, aetinomycetes, yeasts, protozoan and algae transform naturally available steroids into chemotherapeutically important steroids. Cholesterol is an important steroid in animals and humans. It acts as starting point for the synthesis of many steroid hormones like male sex hormone- testosterone, and female sex hormones-progesterone and oestrogen.

Question 3.
What is antisense nucleic acid?
Answer:
This is single stranded molecule of DNA or RNA, which base pairs with mRNA molecules and block its translation. This process of inactivation of specific in RNA is used against viral replication and transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells and this can stop the further spread of the disease.

Question 4.
Give a schematic representation of gene therapy.
Answer:

Question 5.
Give some examples of genetically modified organisms.
Answer:
(i) Bacterium Rhizobium melitoti is used as biofertilizer.
(ii) Bacterium Pseudomonas accumulates heavy metals (Cu, Pb) from environment and fix them into compounds (CuSO₄, PbSO₄). This is called bioremediation.
(iii) Fungus Fuichoderma helps in biocontrol against pests and plant diseases.
(iv) Fungus Penicillium (Genetically modified) are producing antibiotic penicillium in high amounts, than the natural strains.
(v) Bacteria are used for the synthesis of various enzymes like cellulase and vitamins like human growth hormone.
(vi) Bacillus thuringiensis is used as insecticide.

Question 6.
How biotechnology helped in developing herbicide tolerance in plants?
Answer:
Herbicides are chemicals with destroy weeds, but they also have adverse affects on crop plants. With the help of biotechnology, scientists develop such transgenic crops which are resistant to the herbicides, and continue to produce normal yield. This may be achieved by
(i) Overproduction of those enzymes which are inactivated by herbicide,
(ii) Mutating the enzymes and making them less sensitive to herbicide,
(iii) Introducing such enzymes which cause detoxification of herbicides.
Production of herbicide-resistant plants, reduce the use of weeding labour, farmer’s cost and increase yield.

Question 7.
Give example to support how genetic engineering can help in improving the process of photosynthesis.
Answer:
Photosynthesis can be improved by controlling the enzymes which play important role during the process of photosynthesis. For example, RUBISCO enzyme.

Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RUBISCO) is an important enzyme of photosynthesis which can act both on C02 and O,. Under certain conditions, in light, the enzyme RUBISCO oxygenates Ribulose bisphosphate and inhibits carboxylation as a result of which 25% of the fixed CO₂ is photorespired as CO₂.

It is now possible to isolate the RUBISCO gene, modify it accordingly and reinsert into plants to minimise the loss due to photorespiration. One such gene controlling RUBISCO enzyme has been transferred from pea plant to tobacco plant to increase photosynthetic process and high leaf yield.

Question 8.
What is Terminator Technology?
Answer:
The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the US seed company Delta and Pine Land developed and patented a ‘Technology Protection System’ called as terminator technology.
This is a complex piece of genetic engineering which is designed to prevent the saved seed from germination. It forces the farmers to pay for new seed every year instead of saving part of their harvest for replanting.

Question 9.
What is biopatent? What are the flaws of US patent law?
Answer:
Biopatent is government protection to an inventor of a biological material, securing to him for a specific time, (usually 20 years) the exclusive right to manufacture, use and sell its products.
US patent law does not recognise technologies and methods which are used in other countries as ‘prior art’,if this knowledge is new for U.S.

Question 10.
What is biopiracy?
Answer:
Biopiracy is the theft or robbery of biological and genetic resources indigenous to a country. The process of biopiracy involves collection of biological samples without permission and commercial-scale production of the product for benefits.

Biopiracy is widespread in developing countries which have diverse ecosystems and posses abundant bioresources. Some multinational corporations benefit greatly from biopiracy activities. These do not pay any financial compensation to the countries where biological material originated. It robs us of our right to utilize our own resources.

Question 11.
How are transgenic animats useful for us?
Answer:
Transgenic animals are useful in many ways as :

• Normal physiology and development: It helps to study how genes are regulated and how they affect the normal functioning and development of body.
• These help to study how genes contribute to the development of diseases like cancer.
• Transgenic animals produce useful biological products.
• Transgenic animals are used to test vaccines before introducing them for commercial use.

Question 12.
(i) Give the scientific name of the soil bacterium which produces crystal (Cry) proteins.
(ii) How are these proteins useful in agriculture?
(iii) What do the differently written terms ‘Cry’ and ‘cry’ represent respectively? (C.B.S.E. 2004)
Answer:
(i) Soil bacterium – Bacillus thuringiensis produces crystal (Cry) proteins.
(ii) This protein acts as a toxin for insects. If gene for ‘Cry’ protein is incorporated into crop plants they will develop resistance to the insects and pests.
(iii) ’Cry’ is used for Cry protein and ‘cry’ is used to denote gene which encodes for ‘Cry’ protein.

Question 13.
Enlist some pharmaceutical products, produced by genetic engineering techniques.
Answer:

• Hormones: Mammalian hormones are the first products prepared in bacteria by recombinant DNA technology, human insulin and human growth hormone are some examples.
• Immunomodulation : (a) These are antisense nucleic acid, which bind to the mRNA of viruses and inactivate them, and (b) genetically engineered proteins which block the surface receptors on cell membranes so that the pathogenic antigens can’t bind the membranes, (c) vaccines are produced which are pure and more effective.
• Interferons: Interferons are proteins produced by infected cells to limit cell to cell spread of viruses in the body. Interferous can be produced in large amounts by recombinant DNA technology.

Question 14.
Define a patent.
Answer:
A patent is an official document giving the holder of the patent, sole rights to make, use or sell an invention and prevent others from imitating it. A patent can be granted for an invention, an improvement in an invention, process of generating a product or testing and for a concept or design.

Question 15.
Write a short notes on :
(a) Production of human growth hormone by E.Coli
(b) Animals as organ donors for humans
(c) Plant Variety Protection and Farmer’s Right Act.
Answer:
(a) Production of human growth hormone by E.Coli :
Human growth hormone (HGH) is very useful to children born with hypopituitarism which is a form of dwarfism caused by under secretion of HGH by anterior pituitary gland. It also helps in healing of injuries. The gene for HGM Mis introduced in the plasmid of bacterium E.Coli. Tliis recombinant E.Coli bacterium secretates Human growth hormone which is used for treating hypopituitarism.

(b) Animals as organ donors for humans: Successful operations were carried out so far, to donate organs from live person or deceased person. These include organs like heart, intestine, kidneys, lungs, pancreas, grafts like bones, corneas, heart valves, skin grafts, tendon etc. Most of times all the donor were human beings. Scientists are working out ways to develop some healthy tissues inside animals which may serve the same function if implanted in human body, but there are risks of severe allergies and autoimmune response.

(c) Plant Variety Protection and Farmer’s Right Act: Grants plant breeders the right on new varieties of seeds. The Farmer’s Rights Act has granted the fanners the right to save, use, sow, re-sow, exchange, share or sell his farm product including seeds.

Question 16.
Explain the following terms in one or two sentences intellectual property rights, humulin and bio-fortified foods.
Answer:
Intellectual property rights: Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) are rights to make, use and sell a new product or technology for a period of 20 years to the inventor. These are granted in the form of patents, trademarks and copyrights.

Humulin: Humulin is the commercial name given to human insulin by an American firm Eli Lily. These insulins are manufactured by genetic engineering using fermentation of appropriate recombinant E.Coli clones.
Bio-fortified foods: With the help of genetic Sneering techniques biotechnologists, have developed plants which are rich in nutritional content. These are potato with increased starch content up to 20-40%, Tomato with delayed ripening, golden rice which is rich in vitamin A.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are genetically modified foods? What are the advantages of GM foods? What are their disadvantages?
Answer:
Genetically modified (GM foods) crop plants are created for human and animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. The plants are created with the exact desired trait very rapidly and with great accuracy. For example Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety.

Advantages of GM foods :
(i) Pest resistance – Chemical pesticides and fertilizers can poison the soil, groundwater and cause harm to the environment. Growing genetically modified foods can help to eliminate the application of chemical pesticides and reduce the cost of production.

(ii) Herbicide tolerance: Farmers destroy weeds by chemical herbicides which is time-consuming and expensive. Crop plants are genetically engineered to resist the herbicide to retain the crop yield.

(iii) Disease resistance: Many viruses, bacteria and fungi cause various plant diseases. Genetic engineers are working to create plants with resistance to these diseases.

(iv) Cold tolerance: Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings. An antifreeze gene from cold-water fish has been introduced into tobacco and potato plants. With this modification the plants can tolerate cold temperature.

(v) Drought tolerance and salinity tolerance: Genetically modified plants which can tolerate high salt content and drought will help people to grow crops in formerly inhospitable places.

(vi) Nutrition: Plants can be genetically modified to contain extra vitamins, for e.g. golden rice contains high content of beta-carotene (vitamin-A).

(vii) Pharmaceuticals: Researches are working to develop edible vaccines in tomato and potatoes. They will not need any special conditions for storage and transportation.

(viii) Phytoremediation: Plants have been genetically engineered to clean up heavy metal pollution from contaminated soil.

Disadvantages: There are some major concerns about genetically modified foods. These are as follows :
(i) Environmental hazards: According to study published in nature the pollen from Bt cotton caused high mortality rates in monarch butterfly caterpillars.

Many people are concerned that over a period of time, insects will become resistant to B.t. or other crops which are genetically modified to produce their own pesticides. -Another area of concern is that crops are modified for herbicide tolerance, if these plants will cross breed with weeds they will produce superweeds which will also become herbicide tolerant.

(ii) Human health risks: Many children in US and Europe have developed allergies to some genetically modified food products. People are concerned that introducing foreign genes into food plants may have unexpected and negative impact on human health, whereas scientists believe that these foods do not present a risk to human risk.

(iii) Economic concerns: Producing genetically modified crops is a lengthy and costly process. Many of these GM foods are patented that will raise the cost of the seed so that small farmers and third world countries will not be able to afford these seeds.

One Word Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the nematode affecting tobacco plant roots.
Answer:
Meloidogyne incognita.

Question 2.
Write the name of toxic protein secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis.
Answer:
Cry protein.

Question 3.
Name the company which started selling human insulin in 1983.
Answer:
Eli Lilly.

Question 4.
In insulin molecule which bond joins chain A and chain B together?
Answer:
Disulphide bond.

Question 5.
Which method of genetic engineering can correct a defective gene during prenatal or early childhood?
Answer:
Gene therapy.

Question 6.
Name the seeds produced by genetic engineering that develop into fertile plants which produce non-germinable seeds.
Answer:
Terminator seeds.

Question 7.
Name the world’s first genetically modified non-human primate.
Answer:
A monkey named ANDI.

Question 8.
Who discovered insulin and from where?
Answer:
Sir Edward Sharpy-Shafer (1916) from islets of Langerhans.

Question 9.
The protective inoculation of dead or attenuated pathogen or its antigens is termed as :
Answer:
Vaccination.

Question 10.
Who helped to get patent for insecticidal properties of neem?
Answer:
Vandana Shiva.

BSEB Textbook Solutions PDF for Class 12th

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