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Flow in Open Channels by K Subramanya Book Details
| Book Name | Flow in Open Channels |
| Author | K Subramanya |
| Category | Mechanical Engineering Books, Education Books |
| Book Language | English |
| Pages | 567 |
| ISBN | 9332901333 |
| Country | India |
| Book Size | 10 MB |
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About Flow in Open Channels by K Subramanya Book
Flow in open channels refers to the movement of fluids, typically water, in natural or man-made conduits that are partially filled. Open channels include rivers, streams, canals, and other waterways where the fluid is exposed to the atmosphere and flows under the influence of gravity. The study of flow in open channels is a crucial aspect of hydraulic engineering and involves understanding various flow characteristics, equations, and factors that influence the behavior of the fluid. Here are the key concepts related to flow in open channels:
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Types of Flow:
- Steady Flow: When the flow conditions (velocity, depth, discharge) at any given point do not change with time.
- Unsteady Flow: Flow conditions change with time, often due to fluctuations in upstream discharges or changing boundary conditions.
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Open Channel Geometry:
- Cross-Sectional Shape: The shape of the channel's cross-section greatly affects the flow behavior. Common shapes include rectangular, trapezoidal, circular, and parabolic.
- Channel Slope: The slope of the channel bed plays a key role in determining the flow velocity and discharge.
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Flow Depth:
- Critical Flow: When the flow velocity equals the critical velocity, also known as the critical flow depth, the flow changes from subcritical (gentle slope) to supercritical (steep slope) or vice versa.
- Specific Energy: The total energy per unit weight of fluid, including both kinetic and potential energy. It helps determine the flow regime (subcritical or supercritical).
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Flow Equations:
- Manning's Equation: A widely used empirical equation that relates flow velocity, channel slope, cross-sectional area, and roughness coefficient to compute flow rate in open channels.
- Chezy's Equation: An empirical equation similar to Manning's equation but using the Chezy coefficient to estimate flow velocity.
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Flow Classification:
- Uniform Flow: Flow conditions remain relatively constant along the channel reach.
- Gradually Varied Flow: Flow conditions change gradually along the channel reach, often due to variations in channel slope or backwater effects.
- Rapidly Varied Flow: Flow conditions change rapidly, typically near hydraulic structures or sharp changes in channel geometry.
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Energy Grade Line (EGL) and Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL):
- Energy Grade Line (EGL): Represents the total energy head (pressure head, velocity head, and elevation head) along the channel.
- Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL): Represents the sum of pressure head and elevation head, indicating the water surface profile.
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Flow Measurement:
- Techniques such as weirs, flumes, and current meters are used to measure flow rates in open channels.
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Hydraulic Jump:
- A hydraulic jump occurs when supercritical flow rapidly transitions to subcritical flow, resulting in energy dissipation and water surface changes. It is often observed downstream of structures like spillways.
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Sediment Transport:
- Open channels often carry sediment particles, and understanding sediment transport is crucial for managing erosion and maintaining water quality.
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Channel Design and Management:
- Open channel design aims to ensure that the flow remains within safe limits, preventing erosion, flooding, and other adverse effects.
- Channel management involves activities like dredging, bank stabilization, and floodplain management.
Flow in open channels is influenced by a combination of hydraulic principles, fluid dynamics, and the geometric characteristics of the channel. Engineers and hydrologists use various mathematical models, equations, and hydraulic analysis techniques to design, manage, and predict the behavior of open channel flows for various engineering applications, including flood control, irrigation, and water supply.
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