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Introduction to Physical Metallurgy by Sidney H Avner Book Details
| Book Name | Introduction to Physical Metallurgy |
| Author | Sidney H Avner |
| Category | Mechanical Engineering Books, Education Books |
| Book Language | English |
| Pages | 354 |
| ISBN | 0074630067 |
| Country | India |
| Book Size | 24 MB |
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About Introduction to Physical Metallurgy by Sidney H Avner Book
Physical Metallurgy is a branch of metallurgy that focuses on understanding the relationship between the structure, properties, and processing of metals and alloys. It explores how the atomic and microscopic structures of materials influence their mechanical, thermal, electrical, and other properties. Here's an introduction to the key concepts in physical metallurgy:
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Crystal Structure and Defects:
- Crystal Lattices: Metals and alloys are made up of atoms arranged in repeating patterns called crystal lattices. Common crystal structures include body-centered cubic (BCC), face-centered cubic (FCC), and hexagonal close-packed (HCP).
- Crystal Defects: Imperfections within the crystal lattice, such as vacancies, interstitials, dislocations, and grain boundaries, affect the material's mechanical and electrical properties.
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Phase Diagrams:
- Phases: Different structural arrangements of atoms within a material.
- Phase Diagrams: Graphical representations of the relationships between phases in a material as a function of temperature and composition. These diagrams are essential for understanding the behavior of alloys during heating, cooling, and phase transformations.
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Solidification and Crystallization:
- Solidification: The process by which a liquid material solidifies into a crystalline structure upon cooling. The microstructure and properties of the resulting solid are influenced by solidification conditions and cooling rates.
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Microstructure and Phase Transformations:
- Microstructure: The arrangement of phases and defects at the microscopic level, affecting properties like strength, hardness, and conductivity.
- Phase Transformations: Changes in microstructure and phase composition that occur due to changes in temperature or other external conditions.
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Mechanical Properties:
- Stress and Strain: Mechanical behavior of materials under applied loads. Stress is the force applied per unit area, and strain is the resulting deformation.
- Elasticity and Plasticity: Materials exhibit elastic deformation (reversible) and plastic deformation (permanent) under stress.
- Hardness and Toughness: Hardness measures a material's resistance to indentation or scratching, while toughness is its ability to absorb energy without fracturing.
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Heat Treatment:
- Annealing: A heat treatment process that involves heating and slow cooling to relieve internal stresses, soften the material, and improve its ductility.
- Quenching: Rapid cooling from high temperatures to harden the material by trapping it in a metastable state.
- Tempering: Heating a quenched material to a temperature below its critical temperature to reduce brittleness and improve toughness.
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Alloying and Solid Solution:
- Alloy: A mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, that forms a solid solution with desirable properties.
- Solid Solution: Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements within the same crystal lattice.
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Corrosion and Oxidation:
- Corrosion: Deterioration of metals due to chemical reactions with the environment, leading to loss of material and degradation of properties.
- Oxidation: Reaction of a material with oxygen, often resulting in the formation of oxides on the surface.
Physical metallurgy plays a pivotal role in materials science and engineering, as it guides the design of materials with specific properties for various applications. Understanding the relationships between structure, properties, and processing enables the development of innovative materials for industries such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and more.
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